FOLLOWUS
Understanding propagated sensation along meridians by volume transmission in peripheral tissue
- Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine Vol. 19, Issue 5, Pages: 330-339(2013)
- Affiliations：
1. Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Science,Beijing,China
2. School of Medicine, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Chian
3. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,Sweden
- Author bio：
- Funds：Supported by National Key Basic Research Program(973 No. 2010CB530507), and National Nature Science Foundation (No. 81173206)
DOI：10.1007/s11655-013-1456-0
CLC：Published：2013，
Published Online：15 May 2013，
Scan for full text
Zhang, Wb., Zhao, Y. & Kjell, F. Understanding propagated sensation along meridians by volume transmission in peripheral tissue., Chin. J. Integr. Med. 19, 330–339 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1456-0
Wei-bo Zhang, Yan Zhao, Fuxe Kjell. Understanding propagated sensation along meridians by volume transmission in peripheral tissue. [J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 19(5):330-339(2013)
Zhang, Wb., Zhao, Y. & Kjell, F. Understanding propagated sensation along meridians by volume transmission in peripheral tissue., Chin. J. Integr. Med. 19, 330–339 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-013-1456-0 DOI：
Wei-bo Zhang, Yan Zhao, Fuxe Kjell. Understanding propagated sensation along meridians by volume transmission in peripheral tissue. [J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 19(5):330-339(2013) DOI： 10.1007/s11655-013-1456-0.
摘要
Propagated sensation along meridians (PSM) is a phenomenon that a sensation moves along meridians during stimulation of an acupoint. PSM has an appearance rate of 1.3% among people and have characteristics of low speed
going toward afflicted sites and being blocked by physical pressure which is difficult to be explained by known neural and blood transmission. Volume transmission (VT) is a widespread mode of intercellular communication in the central nervous system that occurs in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid. VT signals moves from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection (flow) which is slow
long distance and much less space filling. VT channel diffuse forming a plexus in the extracellular space with two parameters of volume fraction and tortuosity. Some experiments showed an information transmission between adjacent and distant acupoints along meridians cross spinal segments. This process is a cross-excitation between peripheral nerve terminals which is related to nonsynaptic transmission. Some neurotransmitters or neuropeptides such as glutamate
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and neuropeptide such as substance P
neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide relate with the cross-excitation which can be regards as VT signals. Comparing the characteristics of PSM and VT
many similar aspects can be found leading to an assumption that PSM is a process of VT in peripheral tissue along meridians. The reason why VT signals transmit along meridians is that the meridian is rich in interstitial fluid under the condition of low hydraulic resistance which has been proven experimentally. According to Darcy’s law which descript the flow of interstitial fluid and conservation equation
interstitial fluid will move toward meridians and flow along meridians that restrict the VT signals within the channel and accelerate the flow according to Fick’s diffusion law. During the process
a degranulation of histamine from mast cells happens on the route which can expand capillary and increase the blood perfusion and interstitial fluid which had already been observed. The mechanism of PSM is featured by alternative axon reflex (wired transmission
WT) and VT in peripheral tissue along meridians
sending simultaneously a continuous sensate signal to control nerve system which can be felt like a PSM.
Abstract
Propagated sensation along meridians (PSM) is a phenomenon that a sensation moves along meridians during stimulation of an acupoint. PSM has an appearance rate of 1.3% among people and have characteristics of low speed
going toward afflicted sites and being blocked by physical pressure which is difficult to be explained by known neural and blood transmission. Volume transmission (VT) is a widespread mode of intercellular communication in the central nervous system that occurs in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid. VT signals moves from source to target cells via energy gradients leading to diffusion and convection (flow) which is slow
long distance and much less space filling. VT channel diffuse forming a plexus in the extracellular space with two parameters of volume fraction and tortuosity. Some experiments showed an information transmission between adjacent and distant acupoints along meridians cross spinal segments. This process is a cross-excitation between peripheral nerve terminals which is related to nonsynaptic transmission. Some neurotransmitters or neuropeptides such as glutamate
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and neuropeptide such as substance P
neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide relate with the cross-excitation which can be regards as VT signals. Comparing the characteristics of PSM and VT
many similar aspects can be found leading to an assumption that PSM is a process of VT in peripheral tissue along meridians. The reason why VT signals transmit along meridians is that the meridian is rich in interstitial fluid under the condition of low hydraulic resistance which has been proven experimentally. According to Darcy’s law which descript the flow of interstitial fluid and conservation equation
interstitial fluid will move toward meridians and flow along meridians that restrict the VT signals within the channel and accelerate the flow according to Fick’s diffusion law. During the process
a degranulation of histamine from mast cells happens on the route which can expand capillary and increase the blood perfusion and interstitial fluid which had already been observed. The mechanism of PSM is featured by alternative axon reflex (wired transmission
WT) and VT in peripheral tissue along meridians
sending simultaneously a continuous sensate signal to control nerve system which can be felt like a PSM.
关键词
propagated sensation along meridiansvolume transmissionneurotransmitters and receptorsinterstitial fluid channellow hydraulic resistance
Keywords
propagated sensation along meridiansvolume transmissionneurotransmitters and receptorsinterstitial fluid channellow hydraulic resistance
references
Agnati LF, Fuxe K, Zoli M, Ozini I, Toffano G, Ferraguti F. A correlation analysis of the regional distribution of central enkephalin and beta-endorphin immunoreactive terminals and of opiate receptors in adult and old male rats. Evidence for the existence of two main types of communication in the central nervous system: The volume transmission and the wiring transmission. Acta Physiol Scand 1986;128:201–207.
Nagahama, Maruyama. The study of meridians. Japan: Singling Publishing House; 1950.
Zhu ZX, Hao JK. Biophysics in acupuncture & meridians—scientific verification of Chinese first great invention. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House;1988:156–158.
Zhang J, Pei TP, Li YG, Luo YZ, Zhang MX, Jiang SM, et al. Preliminary study on the arrival of qi at disease-site. Chin Acupunct Moxibust (Chin) 1981;1:24–27.
Zhu ZX, Hao JK. Biophysics in Acupuncture & Meridians—Scientific Verification of Chinese First Great Invention. Beijing: Beijing Publishing House; 1988:167–168.
Wu BH, Hu XL, Yang BY, Xu JS, Li WF, Li BJ, et al. Localization of the meridian track over body surface by the method of blocking the acupuncture effect with mechanical pressure. Acupunct Res (Chin) 1993;18:132–136.
Xu XY, Hu XL, Wu BH. The influence to the at PO2 deep tissue along meridians by mechanical pressure during acupuncture. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2000;25:276.
Hu XL, Wu BH. A hypothesis on the mechanism underlying the formation of PSC—integration of “Periphery” and CNS under the domination of substantial process proceeding along the channels. Acupunct Res (Chin) 1987;S2:1–5.
Chen RX, Chen MR, Kang MF, Chi ZH, Zhang B. Paying Attention to the Heat Thermal Sensitivity of Moxibustion Is the Key for Raising the Curative Effect. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2010;35:311–314.
Agnati LF, Guidolin D, Guescini M, Genedani S, Fuxe K. Understanding wiring and volume transmission. Brain Res Rev 2010;64:137–159.
Fuxe K, Dahlström AB, Jonsson G, Marcellino D, Guescini M, Dam M, et al. The discovery of central monoamine neurons gave volume transmission to the wired brain. Prog Neurobiol 2010;90:82–100.
Bjelke B, England R, Nicholson C, Rice ME, Lindberg J, Zoli M, et al. Long distance pathways of diffusion for dextran along fibre bundles in brain. Relevance for volume transmission. Neuroreport 1995;6:1005–1009.
Nicholson C, Sykova E. Extracellular space structure revealed by diffusion analysis. Trends Neurosci 1998;21:207–215.
Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, Romero-Fernandez W, Diaz-Cabiale Z, Rivera A, Ferraro L, et al. Extrasynaptic neurotransmission in the modulation of brain function. Focus on the striatal neuronal-glial networks. Front Physiol 2012a;3:136. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00136
Vizi ES. Modulation of cortical release of acetylcholine by noradrenaline released from nerves arising from the rat locus coeruleus. Neuroscience 1980;5:2139–2144.
Longhurst JC. Defining meridians: a modern basis of understanding. J Acupunct Merid Stud 2010;3:67–74.
Zhao Y, Shi WC, Wang HS, Jia FY, Huang QE. Information transmission between two sensory nerve endings in rats. J Xi’an Med Univ (Chin) 1996;17:140–142.
Lee M W L, McPhee R W, Stringer M D. An Evidence-Based Approach to Human Dermatomes. Clin Anatomy 2008;21:363–373.
Zhao Y, Shi WC, Wang HS, Jia FY, Huang QE. Information transmission between two sensory nerve endings in rats. J Xi’an Med Univ (Chin) 1996;17:140–142.
Cao DY, You HJ, Zhao y, Guo Y, Wang HS, Nielsen AL, et al. Involvement of peripheral ionotropic glutamate receptors in activation of cutaneous branches of spinal dorsal rami following antidromic electrical stimulation of adjacent afferent nerves in rats. Brain Res Bull 2007;72:10–17.
Vizi E S, Kiss J P, Lendvai B. Nonsynaptic communication in the central nervous system. Neurochem Int 2004;45:443–451.
Lembeck F. Sir Thomas Lewis’s nocifensor system, histamine and substance-P-containing primary afferent nerves. Trends Neurosci 1983;6:106–108.
Zhang BZ. Discussion about the skin reaction along the meridians and the morphological and physiological basis of the PSC. J Xi’an Jiaotong Univ (Med Sci, Chin) 1984;5:90–92.
Zhang SH, Sun QX, Seltzer Z, Cao DY, Wang HS, Chen Z, et al. Multiple neuropeptides participate in the peripheral information transmission across dermatomes. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2002;27:298–302.
Holzer P. Local effects functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides. Neuroscience 1988;24:739–768.
deGroot JF, Zhou S, Carlton SM. Peripheral glutamate release in the hindpaw following low and high intensity sciatic stimulation. Neuro Report 2000;11:497–502.
Carlton SM, Zhou S, Coggeshall RE. Localization and activation of substance P receptors in unmyelinated axons of rat glabrous skin. Brain Res 1996;734:103–108.
Du J, Zhou S, Carlton SM. Kainate-induced excitation and sensitization of nociceptors in normal and inflamed rat glabrous skin. Neuroscience 2006;137:999–1013.
Carlton SM. Peripheral excitatory amino acids. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2001;1:52–56.
Tian YL, Guo Y, Cao DY, Zhang Q, Wang HS, Zhao Y. Local morphine inhibits glutamate-evoked activities of Aδ and C afferent fibers in rat’s hairy skin. Brain Res 2005;1059:28–34.
Burnstock G. Current status of purinergic signalling in the nervous system. Prog Brain Res 1999;120:3–10.
Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Guo Y, Cao DY, Tian YL, Yao FR, et al. Electrophysiological evidence for the interaction of substance P and glutamate on Aδ and C afferent fibre activity in rat hairy skin. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 2006;33:1128–1133.
Shi WC, Zhao Y, Zhang BZ. The role of substance P and histamine in the information transmission along meridians. Chin Acupunct Moxibust (Chin) 1995;15(4):33–35.
Zhang SH, Sun QX, Seltzer Z, Cao DY, Wang HS, Chen Z, Zhao Y. Paracrine-like excitation of low-threshold mechanoceptive C-fibers innervating rat hairy skin is mediated by substance P via NK-1 receptors. Brain Res Bull 2008;75:138–145.
Fuxe K, Borroto-Escuela DO, Marcellino D, Romero-Fernandez W, Frankowska M, Guidolin D, et al. Tanganelli GPCR heteromers and their allosteric receptor-receptor interactions. Curr Med Chem 2012;19:356–363.
Lawson SN. Neuropeptides in morphologically and functionally identified primary afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia: substance P, CGRP and somatostatin. Prog Brain Res 1995;104:161–173.
Elhassan AM, Adem A, Hultenby K, Lindgren JU. Somatostatin immune reactivity in bone and joint tissues. Neuro Report 1998;9:2573–2575.
Helyes Z, Thán M, Oroszi G, Pintér E, Németh J, Kéri G, et al. Anti-nociceptive effect induced by somatostatin released from sensory nerve terminals and by synthetic somatostatin analogues in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2000;278:185–188.
Wang J, Cao DY, Guo Y, Ma SJ, Luo R, Pickar JG, Zhao Y. Octreotide inhibits capsaicin-induced activation of C and Aδ afferent fibres in rat hairy skin in vivo. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011;38:521–527.
Wang J, Guo Y, Cao DY, Luo R, Ma SJ, Wang HS, et al. Tonic inhibition of somatostatin on C and Adelta afferent fibers in rat dorsal skin in vivo. Brain Res 2009;1288:50–59.
Guo Y, Yao FR, Cao DY, Pickar JG, Zhang Q, Wang HS, Zhao Y. Somatostatin inhibits activation of dorsal cutaneous primary afferents induced by antidromic stimulation of primary afferents from an adjacent thoracic segment in the rat. Brain Res 2008;1229:61–71.
Luo R, Guo Y, Cao DY, Pickar JG, Li L, Wang J, et al. Local effects of octreotide on glutamate-evoked activation of Aδ and C afferent fibers in rat hairy skin. Brain Res 2010;1322:50–58.
Xue CC. 25 cases report on acupuncture inducing appearance of phantom limb and phantom propagated sensation along meridians in patients of inborn and acquired limb deficiency. New Med (Chin) 1978;9:63–67.
Zhang BZ, ed. Structure and function of meridians. Xi’an: Shanxi Publishing House of Science and Technology, 1992.
Zhang D, Ding GH, Shen XY, Yao W, Zhang ZY, Zhang YQ, et al. Influence of mast cell function on the analgesic effect of acupuncture of Zusanli (ST36) in rats. Acupunct Res (Chin) 2007;32:147–152.
Zhang BZ, Wang JM. Discovery of the neuro-mastocytic junction on the meridian line in human skin. Chin J Neuroanatomy (Chin) 1985;1:49–54.
Kim BH. On the kyungrak system. J Acad Med Sci DPR Korea 1963;1–41.
Soh KS. Bonghan circulatory system as an extension of acupuncture meridians. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2009;2:93–106.
Fujita R, ed. Study on pulse diagnosis. Ido-no Nihon 1967;40.
Zhang WB. What are the meridians. Beijing: China Science and Technology Publishing House,1997.
Zhang WB, Zhuang FY, Li H, Tian YY. An improved Guyton’s method to measure the hydraulic conductance and its use in measuring the Conductance in meridian tissue of animals. Beijing Biomed Eng (Chin) 1997;15:200–207.
Zhang WB, Tian YY, Li H. A method to measure hydraulic resistance of subcuitis continuously and the study of low hydraulic resistance points. Acta Biophysica Sin (Chin) 1998;14:373–379.
Zhang WB, Tian YY, Li H, Luo MF, Xu FL, Wang GJ, et al. A discovery of low hydraulic resistance channel along meridians. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2008;1:20–28.
Zhang WB, Wang LL, Huang T, Tian YY, Xu YH, Wang L, et al. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging for assessment of skin blood perfusion after acupuncture. Med Acupunct 2008;20:109–118.
Wardell K, Naver HK, Nilsson G, Wallin BG. The cutaneous vascular axon reflex in humans characterized by laser Doppler perfusion imaging. J Physiol 1993;460:185–199.
Zhang WB, Xu RM, Zhu ZX. The influence of acupuncture on the impedance measured by four electrodes. Acupunct Electro-Therap Res 1999;24:81–183.
0
Views
822
Downloads
18
CSCD
- Meta-XMLDownload
- BibTeXDownload
- EndnoteDownload
- RefMan Download
- NoteExpressDownload
- NoteFirstDownload
Publicity Resources
Related Articles
Related Author
Related Institution
- Address：1 Caochang, xiyuan, Beijing, People's Republic of China Postal code：100091
- Tel：010-62886827, 62877592 Fax：010-62874291
- Technical support is provided by Beijing Founder electronics co., LTD 京ICP备05067934号-1
京公网安备11010802024621 - It is recommended to read the content of this site in Chrome&IE9+. Please switch to extreme mode in browser 360.
- Cookies We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. By continuing, you agree to the use of cookies.
