Chinese medicine cinobufacini is an extract from the dried skin of

Bufo bufo gargarizans

Cantor

with active ingredients of bufadienolides and indole alkaloids. With further research and clinical applications

it is found that cinobufacini alone or in combination with other therapeutic methods can play an anti-tumor role by controlling proliferation of tumor cells

promoting apoptosis

inhibiting formation of tumor neovascularization

reversing multidrug resistance

and regulating immune response; it also has the functions of relieving cancer pain and regulating immune function. In this paper

the chemical composition

pharmacological effects

clinical applications

and adverse reactions of cinobufacini are summarized. However

the extraction of monomer components of cinobufacini

the relationship between different mechanisms

and the causes of adverse reactions need to be further studied. Also

high-quality clinical studies should be conducted.