Latest Issue
      Vol. 29 ， Issue 1 ， 2023

        Original Article

      • ZHENG Dong-hai,YANG Jia-mei,WU Jian-xiong,CHENG Shu-qun,ZHANG Shao-geng,WU Dong,LI Ai-jun,FU Xiao-hui,LI Xun,QI Fu-chen,DUAN Wei-hong,CHEN Jun-hui,YANG Zhi-ying,LIANG Lu,ZENG Jin-xiong,ZHENG Wei-da,WU Meng-chao
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 3-9(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3537-4
        Abstract：Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Cidan Capsule combined with adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with a high risk of early recurrence after curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:A multicenter, randomized controlled trial was conducted in patients with high-risk recurrence factors after curative resection of HCC from 9 medical centers between July 2014 and July 2018. Totally 249 patients were randomly assigned to TACE with or without Cidan Capsule administration groups by stratified block in a 1:1 ratio. Postoperative adjuvant TACE was given 4–5 weeks after hepatic resection in both groups. Additionally, 125 patients in the TACE plus Cidan group were administrated Cidan Capsule (0.27 g/capsule, 5 capsules every time, 4 times a day) for 6 months with a 24-month follow-up. Primary endpoints included diseasefree survival (DFS) and tumor recurrence rate (TRR). Secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Any drugrelated adverse events (AEs) were observed and recorded.Results:As the data cutoff on July 9th, 2018, the median DFS was not reached in the TACE plus Cidan group and 234.0 days in the TACE group (hazard ratio, 0.420, 95% confidence interval, 0.290–0.608; P<0.01). The 1- and 2-year TRR in the TACE plus Cidan and TACE groups were 31.5%, 37.1%, and 60.8%, 63.4%, respectively (P<0.01). Median OS was not reached in both groups. The 1- and 2-year OS rates in TACE plus Cidan and TACE groups were 98.4%, 98.4%, and 89.5%, 87.9%, respectively (P<0.05). The most common grade 3–4 AEs included fatigue, abdominal pain, lumbar pain, and nausea. One serious AE was reported in 1 patient in the TACE plus Cidan group, the death was due to retroperitoneal mass hemorrhage and hemorrhagic shock, and was not related to study drug.Conclusions:Cidan Capsule in combination with TACE can reduce the incidence of early recurrence in HCC patients at high-risk of recurrence after radical hepatectomy and may be an appropriate option in postoperative anti-recurrence treatment. (Registration No. NCT02253511)  
        Keywords：hepatocellular carcinoma;hepatectomy;recurrence;survival;transarterial chemoembolization;Cidan Capsule   
        22
        |
        5
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090019 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • DANG Wan-tai,XU Dan,ZHOU Jing-guo
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 10-18(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3720-7
        Abstract：Objective:To determine the effects of berberine (BBR) on the activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor (NF) κB (NF-κB) signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome in patients with gout.Methods:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 24 acute (AP) and 41 non-acute (NAP) phases of primary gout patients, respectively, as well as 30 healthy controls (HC). TLR4, NF-κB (p65), NLRP3, apoptosis-associated specklike protein containing a CARD (PYCARD), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (CASP1), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression levels in PBMCs were measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The protein levels of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), NF-κB (p50/65), inhibitor of kappa B kinase α/β (IKKα/β), NF-κB inhibitor α (IKBα), phospho-IKKα/β (p-IKKα/β), NLRP3, PYCARD, and CASP1 were monitored by Western blotting. Serum IL-1β protein level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, PBMCs from HC and macrophages derived from a spontaneously immortalized monocyte-like cell line (THP-1) were stimulated using monosodium urate (MSU, 100 μg/mL), 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide, 25 μmol/L BBR, and 10, 25, and 50 μmol/L BBR+100 μg/mL MSU for different time periods. The protein levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in cell culture supernatants was measured by ELISA, and the protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB (p50/p65), IKKα/β, IκBα, p-IKKα/β, NLRP3, PYCARD, and CASP1 in macrophages were analyzed by Western blotting.Results:(1) TLR4, NF-κB (p65), PYCARD, CASP1, and IL-1β mRNA levels in PBMCs were significantly higher in the AP group than in the HC group (P<0.05). The NLRP3 mRNA expression levels in PBMCs were found to be significantly lower in the AP and NAP groups than in the HC group (P<0.05, P<0.01). (2) The protein levels of TLR4, IKKβ, MyD88, NF-κB, p-IKKα/β, PYCARD, and CASP1 in PBMCs were significantly higher, and those of IκBα, IKKα, and NLRP3 were found to be significantly lower in the AP group than in the HC group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). (3) The serum IL-1β protein levels were significantly higher in the AP and NAP groups than in the HC group (P<0.01). (4) The IL-1β protein level was significantly lower in the culture supernatants of the PBMCs stimulated with MSU for 3 and 6 h in the 25 and 50 μmoL/L BBR groups compared with that in the MSU group (P<0.01). (5) The protein levels of IL-1β and IL-18 were also significantly lower in the culture supernatants of macrophages stimulated with MSU for 3 and 6 h in BBR groups compared with those in the MSU group (P<0.01). (6) The protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB (p50, p65, p105), IKKα/β, p-IκBα, p-IKKα/β, PYCARD, and CASP1 were significantly differed between the macrophages stimulated with MSU for 0.5 and 6 h in BBR groups compared with those in the MSU group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusions:Activation of TLR4-NFκB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome by MSU crystals drives the progression of gout inflammation. BBR ameliorates gouty inflammation, which is mechanistically associated with its regulation of TLR4-NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome expression.  
        Keywords：berberine;gout;TLR4-NF-κB;NLRP3 inflammasome;monosodium urate   
        37
        |
        1
        |
        1
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090006 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • LI Yan-rong,FAN Hui-jie,SUN Rui-rui,JIA Lu,YANG Li-yang,ZHANG Hai-fei,JIN Xiao-ming,XIAO Bao-guo,MA Cun-gen,CHAI Zhi
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 19-27(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3727-0
        Abstract：Objective:To investigate the protective effects and its possible mechanism of Wuzi Yanzong Pill (WYP) on Parkinson's disease (PD) model mice.Methods:Thirty-six C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to 3 groups including normal, PD, and PD+WYP groups, 12 mice in each group. One week of intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to establish the classical PD model in mice. Meanwhile, mice in the PD+WYP group were administrated with 16 g/kg WYP, twice daily by gavage. After 14 days of administration, gait test, open field test and pole test were measured to evaluate the movement function. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) neurons in substantia nigra of midbrain and binding immunoglobulin heavy chain protein (GRP78) in striatum and cortex were observed by immunohistochemistry. The levels of TH, GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, p-IRE1α, XBP1, ATF6, CHOP, ASK1, p-JNK, Caspase-12, -9 and -3 in brain were detected by Western blot.Results:Compared with the PD group, WYP treatment ameliorated gait balance ability in PD mice (P<0.05). Similarly, WYP increased the total distance and average speed (P<0.05 or P<0.01), reduced rest time and pole time (P<0.05). Moreover, WYP significantly increased TH positive cells (P<0.01). Immunofluorescence showed WYP attenuated the levels of GRP78 in striatum and cortex. Meanwhile, WYP treatment significantly decreased the protein expressions of GRP78, p-PERK, p-eIF2α, ATF4, p-IRE1α, XBP1, CHOP, Caspase-12 and Caspase-9 (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusions:WYP ameliorated motor symptoms and pathological lesion of PD mice, which may be related to the regulation of unfolded protein response-mediated signaling pathway and inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis pathway.  
        Keywords：Wuzi Yanzong Pill;Parkinson's disease;dopaminergic neurons;endoplasmic reticulum stress;apoptosis   
        19
        |
        2
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090040 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • ZHANG Hui,FENG Chu-hui,HE Shan,DENG Ming-xia,MENG Hao,CHEN Ming,LIU Hong
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 28-36(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3728-z
        Abstract：Objective:To investigate whether Leech-Centipede (LC) Granules can improve erectile function in rats with diabetes mellitus-associated erectile dysfunction (DMED) through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) inhibition.Methods:Components of LC Granules were identified via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography. Thirty male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin and fed continuously for 8 weeks to establish the DMED rat model. Rats with erectile dysfunction symptoms diagnosed using apomorphine were divided into DMED and low-, medium-, and high-doses LC groups (n=6 in each). The negative control (NC, n=6) and DMED groups were given 5 mL of deionized water via intragastric gavage, and the low-, mediumand the high-doses LC groups were administered LC at 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 g/kg, respectively, via intragastric gavage for 4 weeks. The intracavernous pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in cavernous tissue were measured for each group. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to detect mRNA and protein expressions of endothelial and mesenchymal markers. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe α-SMA, and Masson's trichrome staining was performed to determine the myofiber/collagen ratio.Results:A total of 474 active components were identified. After treatment, the ICP/MAP value and NO level were significantly higher in the medium- and high-dose LC groups than in the DMED group (P<0.05). Compared with the DMED groups, the medium- and high-dose groups LC significantly increased and decreased endothelial and mesenchymal markers expression, respectively (P<0.05). Tumor growth factor (TGF)βRⅡ, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 levels were considerably higher following diabetes onset but reduced following LC intervention (P<0.05), except for TGFβ1 (P>0.05). α-SMA expression was significantly higher in the DMED group and was reduced in all LC intervention groups (P>0.05). The myofiber/collagen ratio in the LC groups was higher than that in the DMED group but lower than that in the NC group (all P<0.05).Conclusions:LC Granules may improve the erectile function of DMED rats by suppressing TGF-β/Smad pathway to reverse EndMT.  
        Keywords：Leech-Centipede Granules;erectile function;diabetes mellitus;endothelial cell;endothelial-tomesenchymal transition;tumor growth factor-beta/Smad pathway   
        7
        |
        0
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33089987 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • ZHAO Xin-hua,AN Na,XIA Meng-huan,LIU Wen-ping,WANG Qing-qi,BAO Ji-zhang
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 37-43(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3725-2
        Abstract：Objective:To explore the effect of nootkatone (NKT) on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depressive-like behaviors and the mechanism underlying NKT improving the depressivelike behaviors.Methods:The CUMS-induced depression model was established in mice. Fifty mice were randomized into 5 groups (n=10) in accordance with a random number table: control group, CUMS group, CUMS + NKT (6 mg/kg) group, CUMS + NKT (12 mg/kg) group, and CUMS + ketamine group. From the 22th day, NKT (6 or 12 mg/kg) or ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) was given with intragastric administration every day for 21 days. Behavioral tests including forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test (SPT) and open-field test (OFT) were carried out. The mRNA and protein expressions of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in hippocampus were assessed using quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot analysis, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway was analyzed using Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis.Results:NKT treatment improved CUMS-induced depressivelike behaviors in mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). NKT significantly decreased the mRNA and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α in hippocampus of CUMS mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, NKT repressed CUMS-induced activation of NF-kB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome (P<0.01). More important, Nigericin, a NLRP3 activator, destroyed the effect of NKT on repressing neuroinflammation and improving depressive-like behaviors (P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:NKT ameliorates the depressive-like symptoms, in part by repressing NF-κB/NLRP3-mediated neuroinflammation.  
        Keywords：nootkatone;depressive disorder;nuclear factor-κB;NOD-like receptor 3;nuroinflammation   
        9
        |
        2
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090011 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • ZHOU Qi,SUN Hui-juan,LIU Shu-min
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 44-51(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3721-6
        Abstract：Objective:To investigate and reveal the underlying mechanism of the effect of total saponins from Dioscoreae nipponica Makino (TSDN) on the arachidonic acid pathway in monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced M1-polarized macrophages.Methods:M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells were induced by 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide method was then used to screen the concentration of TSDN. MSU (500 μg/mL) was used to induce the gouty arthritis model. Afterwards, 10 μg/L TSDN and 8 μmol/L celecoxib, which was used as a positive control, were added to the above LPS and MSU-induced cells for 24 h. The mRNA and protein expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX) 2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), microsomal prostaglandin E synthase derived eicosanoids (mPGES)-1, leukotriene B (LTB)4, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to test the contents of M1 markers, including inducible nitric oxid synthase (NOS) 2, CD80, and CD86.Results:TSDN inhibited the proliferation of M1 macrophages and decreased both the mRNA and protein expressions of COX2, 5-LOX, CYP4A, LTB4, and PGE2 (P<0.01) while increased the mRNA and protein expression of mPGES-1 (P<0.05 or P<0.01). TSDN could also significantly decrease the contents of NOS2, CD80, and CD86 (P<0.01).Conclusion:TSDN has an anti-inflammation effect on gouty arthritis in an in vitro model by regulating arachidonic acid signaling pathway.  
        Keywords：gouty arthritis;Dioscorea nipponica Makino;arachidonic acid;signaling pathway;M1/M2 polarization   
        12
        |
        0
        |
        1
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090169 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • HAN Chun-hui,MA Jing-yun,ZOU Wei,QU Jia-lin,DU Yang,LI Na,LIU Yong,JIN Guo,LENG Ai-jing,LIU Jing
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 52-60(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3726-1
        Abstract：Objective:To investigate the anti-invasion efficacy of the ethanol extract of Oldenlandia diffusa Will. (EEOD) on a three-dimensional (3D) human malignant glioma (MG) cell invasion and perfusion model based on microfluidic chip culture and the possible mechanism of action of Oldenlandia diffusa Will. (OD).Methods:The comprehensive pharmacodynamic analysis method in this study was based on microfluidic chip 3D cell perfusion culture technology, and the action mechanism of Chinese medicine (CM) on human MG cells was investigated through network pharmacology analysis. First, the components of EEOD were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS). Then, cell viability and apoptosis were assessed to determine the optimum concentration of EEOD for invasion experiments, and two-dimensional (2D) migration and invasion abilities of U87 and U251 MG cells were evaluated using scratch wound and Transwell assays. The possible mechanism underlying the effects of EEOD on glioma was analyzed through a network pharmacology approach.Results:Thirty-five compounds of EEOD were detected by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. EEOD suppressed the viability of MG cells, promoted their apoptosis, and inhibited their migratory and invasive potentials (all P<0.05). Network pharmacology analysis showed that OD inhibited the invasion of MG cells by directly regulating MAPK and Wnt pathways through MAPK, EGFR, MYC, GSK3B, and other targets. The anti-invasion effect of OD was also found to be related to the indirect regulation of microtubule cytoskeleton organization.Conclusion:EEOD could inhibit the invasion of human MG cells, and the anti-invasion mechanism of OD might be regulating MAPK and Wnt signaling pathways and microtubule cytoskeleton organization.  
        Keywords：invasion;malignant glioma;Oldenlandia diffusa;microfluidic chip;Chinese medicine   
        12
        |
        0
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090162 false
        Published：2023-01-05

        Acupuncture Research

      • LI Jing,ZHANG Min,HE Ying,DU Yuan-hao,ZHANG Xue-zhu,Rainer Georgi,Bernhard Kolberg,XU Yan-long
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 61-68(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3468-0
        Abstract：Objective:To explore the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) intervention on the vasoconstriction of cerebral artery smooth muscle cells after cerebral infarction.Methods:Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups by a random number table: the model group (n=24), the EA group (n=24), and the normal group (n=6). The model and the EA groups were divided into different time subgroups at 0.5, 1, 3, and 6 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), with 6 rats in each subgroup. MCAO model was established using intraluminal suture occlusion method. The EA group was given EA treatment at acupoint Shuigou (GV 26) instantly after MCAO for 20 min. The contents of cerebrovascular smooth muscle MLCK, the 3 subunits of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) MYPT1, PP1c-δ and M20, as well as myosin-ATPase activity were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.Results:The overall expression level of the MYPT1 and PP1c-δ in the model group was significantly higher (P<0.01). After EA intervention, the 0.5 h group expression level was close to that of the normal group (P>0.05), and the other subgroups were still significantly higher than the normal group (P<0.01). After EA intervention, the expression level of each subgroup was significantly lower than the corresponding model group. There was a significant difference between the 0.5 and 1 h subgroups (P<0.01), while a difference was also observed between the 3 and 6 h subgroups (P<0.05). The dynamic change rule gradually increased with the prolongation of infarction time within 6 h after infarction.Conclusion:EA intervention can inhibit contraction of cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells and regulate smooth muscle relaxation by regulating MLCK pathway.  
        Keywords：infarction;vasomotor;MLCK pathway;Shuigou (GV 26);electroacupuncture   
        7
        |
        0
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090181 false
        Published：2023-01-05

        Literature Research

      • Nayak Deeksha Dayanand,Arul Amuthan,Sathish Pai Ballambat,Shama Prasada Kabbekodu,Vasudha Devi
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 69-73(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3519-y
        Abstract：Objective:To examine data from studies supporting the clinical efficacy of medical approaches from India traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy for psoriasis using outcome indicators employed in clinical practice and research.Methods:Searches were conducted between December 2019 and September 2020 in databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Ovid Medline using search terms including traditional, complementary, psoriasis, Kushtha, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, Homeopathy and clinical. Controlled trials, case series and case reports published from India were included.Results:Data of 17 selected studies were extracted. Treatment efficacy in terms of improvement in Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score or/and percentage reduction in score (PASI 50, PASI 75 and PASI 90) or/and patientreported outcomes using instruments like Dermatology Life Quality Index and Psoriasis Disability Index were noted. All studies reported good improvement as per the study specific outcome. However, study characteristics, including study design, sample size, follow-up period, inclusion and exclusion criteria were heterogeneous, and the choice of outcome measures was not adequate to conclude the effectiveness of intervention. The use of some herbs as common ingredients in several formulations across different systems of medicines were noted in analyzing individual formulation.Conclusions:Future studies must incorporate a comprehensive study design with specific outcome measures like PASI, PASI 75, PASI 90, quality of life parameters, compliance to medications, adverse reactions, remission period, relapse rate and cost-effectiveness with long term follow-up. The currently available evidence on the roles of these herbs at molecular level in psoriasis is preliminary.  
        Keywords：psoriasis;traditional treatment;Indian;efficacy;herb;clinical   
        7
        |
        0
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090091 false
        Published：2023-01-05

        Herbal and Botanical Review

      • WANG Cheng,LI Feng,LI Yang,FENG Hui,ZHAO Min-wei,TU Peng-fei,TIAN Hua
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 74-80(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3518-z
        Abstract：Osteoporosis is a generalized disease of bone that leads to a loss of bone density and bone mass, destruction of bone microstructure, increased brittleness and therefore fracture. At present, the main treatment of Western medicine is drug therapy such as bisphosphonates, calcitriol, vitamin D, etc. However, long-term use of these drugs may bring some adverse reactions. Chinese herbal medicine Cistanche deserticola could regulate bone metabolism by promoting osteoblast activity and inhibiting osteoclast activity with low toxicity and adverse reactions. Therefore, Cistanche deserticola has attracted increasing attention for its efficacy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in recent years. Here we present a literature review of the molecular pathways involved in osteoporosis and the effects of Cistanche deserticola on bone metabolism. Our objective is to clarify the mechanism of Cistanche deserticola in the treatment of osteoporosis.  
        Keywords：osteoporosis;Cistanche deserticola;bone metabolism;Chinese medicine   
        11
        |
        0
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090116 false
        Published：2023-01-05

        Review

      • XIA Jun-yan,CHEN Cong,LIN Qian,CUI Jie,WAN Jie,LI Yan,LI Dong
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 81-88(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3301-1
        Abstract：Mitophagy is one of the important targets for the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion injury (MIRI). Moderate mitophagy can remove damaged mitochondria, inhibit excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, and protect mitochondria from damage. However, excessive enhancement of mitophagy greatly reduces adenosine triphosphate production and energy supply for cell survival, and aggravates cell death. How dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively recognized and engulfed is related to the interaction of adaptors on the mitochondrial membrane, which mainly include phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN)-induced kinase 1/Parkin, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α/Bcl-2 and adenovirus e1b19k Da interacting protein 3, FUN-14 domain containing protein 1 receptor-mediated mitophagy pathway and so on. In this review, the authors briefly summarize the main pathways currently studied on mitophagy and the relationship between mitophagy and MIRI, and incorporate and analyze research data on prevention and treatment of MIRI with Chinese medicine, thereby provide relevant theoretical basis and treatment ideas for clinical prevention of MIRI.  
        Keywords：mitophagy;myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury;PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin;hypoxiainducible factor-1α/Bcl-2 and adenovirus e1b19k Da interacting protein 3;FUN-14 domain containing protein 1;Chinese medicine   
        10
        |
        2
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090173 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      • PENG Yong,DENG Xiang,YANG Shan-shan,NIE Wei,TANG Yan-dan
        Vol. 29, Issue 1, Pages: 89-95(2023) DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3535-6
        Abstract：The primary chemical components of Astragalus membranaceus include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that Astragalus membranaceus has multiple functions, including improving immune function and exerting antioxidative, anti-radiation, anti-tumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and hormone-like effects. Astragalus membranaceus and its extracts are widely used in clinical practice because they have obvious therapeutic effects against various autoimmune diseases and relatively less adverse reaction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of central nervous system (CNS), which mainly caused by immune disorder that leads to inflammatory demyelination, inflammatory cell infiltration, and axonal degeneration in the CNS. In this review, the authors analyzed the clinical manifestations of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and focused on the efficacy of Astragalus membranaceus and its chemical components in the treatment of MS/EAE.  
        Keywords：Astragalus membranaceus;chemical components;multiple sclerosis;experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis;immunoregulation   
        8
        |
        0
        |
        0
        <HTML>
        <Meta-XML>
        <CITATION> <Bulk Citation> 33090192 false
        Published：2023-01-05
      0