Latest Issue
      2012 Year 18 Vol. 5 Issue

        OriginalPaper

      • Libin Jia
        2012, 18(5): 325-332. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0950-5
        Abstract：The United States National Cancer Institute (NCI) supports complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) research which includes different methods and practices (such as nutrition therapies) and other medical systems (such as Chinese medicine). In recent years, NCI has spent around $120 million each year on various CAM-related research projects on cancer prevention, treatment, symptom/side effect management and epidemiology. The categories of CAM research involved include nutritional therapeutics, pharmacological and biological treatments, mind-body interventions, manipulative and body based methods, alternative medical systems, exercise therapies, spiritual therapies and energy therapies on a range of types of cancer. The NCI Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine (OCCAM) supports various intramural and extramural cancer CAM research projects. Examples of these cancer CAM projects are presented and discussed. In addition, OCCAM also supports international research projects.  
        Keywords：complementary and alternative medicine;Chinese Medicine;cancer research   
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      • Xiao-feng Zhai,Chang-quan Ling
        2012, 18(5): 333-338. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1082-2
        Abstract：Malignant tumors are one of the leading causes of death in the world. Considerable progresses have been made on the treatment of tumors in recent decades, especially in the prevention, early diagnosis and the model changing of therapeutics. But we are still facing tough challenges, including the increasing treatment burden and limited improvement of efficacy. In China, Chinese medicine (CM) provides a powerful arsenal to fight against tumors. CM can be well applied to the onset and progression of tumors in China, bearing the characteristics of multi-target, multi-phase and multi-effect. But there are also many problems demanding urgent attention in the use of CM. Some most debated problems in this field were summarized. We should upgrade our concepts in using CM, find its position scientifically, and establish evidence of its effect by high quality clinical research.  
        Keywords：malignant tumors;Chinese Medicine;integrated traditional and Western medicine   
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      • Zhe Chen,Hong-yun Chen,Qing-bo Lang,Bai Li,Xiao-feng Zhai,Yu-yu Guo,Xiao-qiang Yue,Chang-quan Ling
        2012, 18(5): 339-344. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1083-1
        Abstract：To investigate the therapeutic effects of Jiedu Granules (解毒颗粒), a Chinese medicine (CM) compound, plus Cinobufacini Injection (华蟾素注射液), which was extracted from skin of Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor, to prevent the recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after surgical resection. In this case-control trial, a total of 120 patients who stayed in Changhai Hospital were enrolled from December 2001 to December 2006. Sixty patients were treated with Jiedu Granules plus Cinobufacini Injection to prevent tumor recurrence after operation (CM group) and 60 patients were treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) after operation (TACE group). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were determined to evaluate the therapeutic effects of post-operative management of patients with HCC. PFS in the CM group was 18.07 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.49–23.65] and the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year PFS rates were 61%, 39%, 26%, 22% and 12%, respectively. PFS in the TACE group was 8.03 months (95% CI: 6.63–9.44) and the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year PFS rates were 34%, 11%, 7%, 2% and 0%, respectively. There was significant difference in survival rate between the two groups (P<0.01). The mean survival time (MST) of patients in the CM group was 49.53 months versus 39.90 months of the TACE group. The 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year survival rates were 90%, 82%, 80%, 70% and 63%, respectively, in the CM group, and 79%, 70%, 60%, 60% and 36%, respectively, in the TACE group. There was significant difference in survival time between the two groups (P=0.045). Jiedu Granules plus Cinobufacini Injection, a combination that is commonly used for post-operation management of HCC, can postpone tumor recurrence and metastasis, prolong the survival time and increase the survival rate of post-surgical patients with HCC. However, these findings need to be confirmed in a prospective, randomized controlled trial.  
        Keywords：hepatocellular carcinoma;transcatheter arterial chemoembolization;recurrence;metastasis;Chinese Medicine;Jiedu Granules;Cinobufacini Injection   
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      • Xue-gong Feng,Wen-jie Hao,Zhou Ding,Qiang Sui,Huan Guo,Jian Fu
        2012, 18(5): 345-349. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1140-9
        Abstract：To observe the effectiveness and safety of Tongyan Spray (通咽喷雾剂) composed of Chinese medicine for post-stroke dysphagia patients. One hundred and twenty-two post-stroke dysphagia patients were randomly assigned to the treatment group (61 cases) and the control group (61 cases). Basic treatment was given to both groups, with Tongyan Spray additionally used in oropharynx for the treatment group, and the placebo used for the control group. After 28-day treatment, the clinical effect and safety were evaluated according to the standard swallowing assessment (SSA) scale. One patient dropped out in each group, and 120 patients reached the final analysis of the study. The total effective rate for the treatment group was 71.7% (43/60), higher than 46.7% (28/60) in the control group (P<0.05), and the improvement on SSA scores of the two groups were significantly different after treatment (P<0.05). For grade 1 dysphagia patients (completely depending on nasogastric tube), the effective rate of the treatment group was 40.9% (9/22), and 12.5% (2/16) of the control group, without significant difference (P>0.05), while the improvement of SSA score was significantly different between the two groups after treatment (P<0.05). For grade 2–3 dysphagia patients (oral and nasogastric tube feeding), the total effective rate of the treatment group was 89.5% (34/38), higher than 59.1% (26/44) in the control group (P<0.05), and also the improvement on SSA scores was significantly different between the two groups after treatment (P<0.05). Tongyan Spray was an effective and safe method for post-stroke dysphagia patients.  
        Keywords：post-stroke;dysphagia;Tongyan Spray   
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      • Da-zhi Sun,Jian-peng Jiao,Da-wei Ju,Min Ye,Xuan Zhang,Jing-yu Xu,Ye Lu,Jin He,Pin-kang Wei,Ming-hui Yang
        2012, 18(5): 350-358. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1085-z
        Abstract：To extract tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) from MKN-45 gastric cancer which is similar to “muddy phlegm” in Chinese medicine and observe influences of MKN-45 tumor interstitial fluid (MKN-45 TIF) intervention on metastasis of gastric cancer and on the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), kinase insert domain containing receptor (KDR), epithelial-cadherin (E-cad), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and telomerase genes and proteins in primary tumor tissue. An MKN-45 tumor-bearing model was established in 50 nude mice. The modeled animals were equally randomized to 5 groups: the simple tumor-bearing group (model group), the normal saline (NS) via tail vein injection (i.v.) group (NS i.v. group), MKN-45 TIF i.v. group (TIF i.v. group), NS intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) group (NS i.p. group), and MKN-45 TIF i.p. group (TIF i.p. group). The TIF and NS intervention groups received injection (i.p. or i.v.) of MKN-45 TIF or NS twice a week, 0.2 mL at a time. After 8 weeks, the primary tumors were removed, weighed and HE stained to observe tumor metastasis. The primary tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative PCR to detect expressions of VEGF, KDR, E-cad, COX-2, ICAM-1, and telomerase genes and proteins in different groups. There were significant differences in tumor weight between TIF intervention groups and the model and NS intervention groups. Tumor metastasis was observed in all 5 groups, but the tumor metastasis rate in TIF intervention groups was significantly higher than those in the model and NS intervention groups. The gene and protein expressions of gastric cancer-related factors VEGF, KDR, COX-2, ICAM-1 and telomerase were unregulated while the gene and protein expressions of E-cad were downregulated in TIF intervention groups. TIF promotes tumor growth, invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer. These findings provide preliminary experimental clues for verifying the hypothesis of “tumor-phlegm microenvironment”.  
        Keywords：tumor interstitial fluid;Gastric Cancer;tumor metastasis;tumor metastasis-related genes and proteins   
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        Published：2021-08-27
      • Yan-xiang Cheng,Rong Liu,Qin Wang,Bing-shu Li,Xue-xian Xu,Min Hu,Lu Chen,Qiong Fu,De-min Pu,Li Hong
        2012, 18(5): 359-365. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0697-z
        Abstract：To explore the molecular mechanism of realgar-induced apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. The cervical cancer cell line Siha was used to determine the cell viability and apoptosis after treatment with realgar using MTT assay and flow cytometry. The activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9 were detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology and colorimetric assay, while the levels of Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and Bax were detected by Western blot method. Induction of apoptosis by realgar was detected in Siha cell line in a dose-dependent manner. The apoptosis was accompanied by a significant increase in cytochrome c release and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 but not caspase-8. Further, the realgar-induced apoptosis was inhibited by a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, a caspase-3 inhibitor, and a caspase-9 inhibitor but not by a caspase-8 inhibitor. Bcl-2 and Bax protein expressions were not changed by realgar. The induction of apoptosis by realgar is mediated through a cytochrome c-dependent pathway, which sequentially activates caspase-9 and caspase-3.  
        Keywords：realgar;Cervical Cancer;apoptosis;cytochrome c;caspases   
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      • Bao Wang,Jian-xun Liu,Hong-xu Meng,Cheng-ren Lin
        2012, 18(5): 366-370. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0707-1
        Abstract：To study the effect of salvianolic acid A (SAA) on L-type calcium current (I-CaL) in isolated ventricular myocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. SAA powder was dissolved in normal Tyrode’s solution to reach the concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μmol/L. The traditional whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique was employed to evaluate the effects of SAA on I-CaL in single ventricular myocytes which were prepared by Langendorff perfusion apparatus from Sprague-Dawley rats. SAA (1, 10, 100, and 1000 μmol/L) inhibited I-CaL peak value by 16.23%±1.3% (n=6, P<0.05), 22.9%±3.6% (n=6, P<0.05), 53.4%±3.0% (n=8, P<0.01), and 62.26%±2.9% (n=6, P<0.01), respectively. SAA reversibly inhibited I-CaL in a dose-dependent manner and with a half-blocking concentration (IC50) of 38.3 μmol/L. SAA at 100 μmol/L elevated the I-V curve obviously, and shifted the half-active voltage (V0.5) from (−15.78±0.86) mV to (−11.24 ±0.77) mV (n=6, P<0.05) and the slope (K) from 5.33±0.74 to 4.35±0.74 (n=6, P>0.05). However, it did not alter the shapes of I–V curve, steady-state inactivation curve, or recovery from inactivation curve. SAA inhibited I-CaL in a dose-dependent manner. It shifted the steady-state activation curve to a more positive voltage, which indicated that the drug affected the activated state of calcium channels, and suggested that the Ca2+ antagonistic effect of SAA be beneficial in the treatment of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury.  
        Keywords：salvianolic acid A;Ventricular Myocytes;patch-clamp technique;L-type calcium channels   
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      • Na Liu,Jun-tian Liu,Yuan-yuan Ji,Pei-pei Lu
        2012, 18(5): 371-377. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0696-0
        Abstract：To investigate effects of Dahuang Zhechong Pill (大黄{ie371-1}虫丸, DHZCP) on the cell cycle and the related signal pathways in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) with the method of serum pharmacology. DNA synthesis in VSMCs was examined by detecting 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation with the immunocytochemical method. The cycle of VSMCs was evaluated with flow cytometry. Expressions of cyclin D1, p27, protein kinase Cα (PKCα), and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were quantified by Western blot method. DHZCP containing serum significantly inhibited DNA synthesis of PDGF-stimulated VSMCs, arrested the cells in G G1 phase, modulated the protein expressions of cyclin D D1 and p27, and suppressed the activation of PKCα and ERK1/2. DHZCP containing serum inhibits VSMCs proliferation via modulating the expressions of cell cycle proteins to arrest the cell in G G1 phase, which is attributed to, at least in part, suppressing PKCα-ERK1/2 signaling in VSMCs.  
        Keywords：Dahuang Zhechong Pill;proliferation;cell cycle;cyclin D1;p27   
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      • Wei-heng Chen,Xiang-ying Kong,Rong Wan,Chun-sheng Xiao,Li Li,Zhi-yao Wang,Na Lin,He-ming Wang
        2012, 18(5): 378-384. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1086-y
        Abstract：To study the mechanism of Huogu I Formula (活骨I方) in treating osteonecrosis of femoral head. Forty-eight healthy female Leghorn chickens were randomly divided into control group, model group and Huogu I group, and each group consisted of 16 chickens. At the meantime of model establishment, chickens of the Huogu I group were administrated with decoction, while the model and control group with distilled water by gavage. At the 8th and 16th week after medication, blood samples were obtained for blood lipid detection while both sides of femoral head were harvested for the rest of examinations. Specifically, expressions of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1), Smad4 and Smad7 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, while expression of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (OPG/RANKL) mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization. Compared with the control group, serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in the model group rose significantly. Positive cell counting of BMP2, TGFβ1, Smad4 and OPG in femoral head of the model group dropped prominently. Positive cell counting of Smad7 and RANKL increased dramatically. In contrast with the model group, levels of TC, TG and LDL-C in Huogu I group reduced significantly. Positive cell counting of BMP2, TGFβ1, Smad4 and OPG in femoral head of the Huogu I group increased prominently. Indices of Smad7 and RANKL both decreased significantly. Especially at the 8th week, these variations were more significant. Huogu I Formula is effective in promoting repair of necrotic femoral head by regulating the expressions of BMP2, TGFβ1, Smads and OPG/RANKL of osteoclast in femoral head.  
        Keywords：osteonecrosis of femoral head;bone morphogenetic protein-2;transforming growth factor beta1;osteoprotegerin;receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB;Smads   
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      • Ya-li Wang,Ya-li Luo,Che Chen,Neng-lian Li,Ya-li She,Li Zhang
        2012, 18(5): 385-390. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0952-3
        Abstract：To investigate the effect of total flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry on the proliferation, cell cycle, and expressions of p21Ras and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) gene in erythroleukemia cell line K562. The effect of total flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry on K562 cell line survival was determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay. The time- and dose-dependent manner was also observed. The cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed with flow cytometry (FCM). The immunocytochemistry method was applied to quantitatively analyze the effects of flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry on changes p21Ras and PCNA gene expressions. Flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry (20–100 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. After K562 cells were cultured for 48 h, total flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry had no significant effect on the apoptosis of K562 cells but showed significantly inhibition (P<0.01), indicating that total flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry could induce K562 cells arrested at G0/G1 and G2/M phases. Compared with the control group, p21Ras and PCNA gene expressions were decreased significantly in K562 cells treated with total flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry (40 and 80 μg/mL, respectively) for 48 h. The inhibitory effect on proliferation of K562 cells was observed in the groups treated with flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry, which might be related to cells arresting.  
        Keywords：total flavonoids of Hedysarum polybotry;K562 cells;cell cycle;p21Ras and proliferating cell nuclear antigen   
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      • Fu-xing Li,Shu-sheng Li
        2012, 18(5): 391-394. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0700-8
        Abstract：To observe the effect of andrographolide on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in macrophage foam cells. The mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured in the media in the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), ox-LDL+andrographolide, or neither (control). The phosphorylation of MAPK molecules (p38MAPK, JNK, ERK1/2) and the expressions of NK-κB p65 were examined by Western blot. As compared with cells in the control group, the expressions of phospho-p38 and NF-κB p65 were increased in the cells cultured with either ox-LDL or ox-LDL+andrographolide (P<0.01), but attenuated significantly in the presence of ox-LDL+ andrographolide when compared with ox-LDL (P<0.05). The phospho-JNK increased in the presence of either ox-LDL or ox-LDL+andrographolide when compared with control cells (P<0.01), but no significant difference existed between ox-LDL and ox-LDL+andrographolide (P>0.05). The expression of phospho-ERK1/2 was increased in the presence of ox-LDL compared with the control cells (P<0.01), but no significant differences existed between the cells cultured in the presence of ox-LDL+andrographolide and the control medium (P>0.05). Andrographolide could inhibit the activation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK and NK-κB induced by ox-LDL in macrophage foam cells, which might be one of its mechanisms in preventing atherosclerosis.  
        Keywords：andrographolide;mouse peritoneal macrophage foam cells;mitogen activated protein kinasese;nuclear factor-κB;atherosclerosis   
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      • Cheng-nan Lu,Hsien-Hsueh Elley Chiu
        2012, 18(5): 395-397. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1032-z
        Keywords：Epicondylitis;Lateral Epicondylitis;Tennis Elbow;Elbow Pain;Extensor Carpus Radialis Brevis   
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        ReviewPaper

      • Ping Liu
        2012, 18(5): 398-400. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1030-1
        Abstract：Liver fibrosis represents the wound healing response to liver injury from a wide variety of etiologies. Remarkable progresses have been shown in the field of liver fibrosis in a range of areas in the past years. In particular, the reversibility of liver fibrosis has been well documented in both patients and animal models. Great progresses have been made in the treatment of liver fibrosis with Chinese medicine. This review summarizes the effects of Fuzheng Huayu Capsule (扶正化瘀胶囊, FZHYC) in treating liver fibrosis and inflammation induced by chronic hepatitis B in clinical trials and the mechanism of action of FZHYC in reversing liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro experiments.  
        Keywords：Liver Fibrosis;Chinese Medicine;Fuzheng Huayu Capsule;Clinical Study;mechanism of action   
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