Latest Issue
      2013 Year 19 Vol. 3 Issue

        OriginalPaper

      • Byung-Cheul Shin,Sina Kim,Young-Hun Cho
        2013, 19(3): 163-171. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1256-y
        Abstract：Syndrome pattern (SP) is a core concept of Chinese medicine (CM) and is used to diagnose and treat patients based on an overall analysis of symptoms and signs. This study aimed to systematically review randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using the SP concept and to demonstrate how the SP concept could be applied to the study design of parallel RCTs, considering a gold standard of clinical research. After conducting a brief systematic review by way of a PubMed search, we analyzed how the SP concept was applied to the design of RCT in a CM herbal medicine trial. We then formulated possible research questions, applied the SP concept to answer the research questions, and suggested possible RCT designs to be used for conducting future trials. Fourteen RCTs were included in our systematic review, and three key points of the SP concept were formulated for the design of parallel RCTs: the time point of SP diagnosis between before and after randomization; the relationship between the international classification of diseases (ICD) and SP for the inclusion of target population; and the proper diagnostic method of SP. In this study, we formulated three possible research questions and then suggested perspectives for five possible RCT models arrived at using SP concepts. Future trials applying SP concept to RCTs should overcome the shortcomings of past SP trials, moving CM forward from experience-based to evidence-based medicine.  
        Keywords：syndrome pattern;randomized controlled trial;Traditional Chinese Medicine;evidence-based medicine;Integrative Medicine   
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      • Zheng-kun Hou,Feng-bin Liu,Ji-qian Fang,Xiao-ying Li,Li-juan Li,Chu-hua Lin
        2013, 19(3): 172-181. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1104-0
        Abstract：The reporting of patient-reported outcomes (PRO) instrument development is vital for both researchers and clinicians to determine its validity, thus, we propose the Preferred Reporting Items for PRO Instrument Development (PRIPROID) to improve the quality of reports. Abiding by the guidance published by the Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (EQUATOR) Network, we had performed 6 steps for items development: identified the need for a guideline, performed a literature review, obtained funding for the guideline initiative, identified participants, conducted a Delphi exercise and generated a list of PRIPROID items for consideration at the face-to-face meeting. Twenty three items subheadings under 7 topics were included: title and structured abstract, rationale, objectives, intention, eligibility criteria, conceptual framework, items generation, response options, scoring, times, administrative modes, burden assessment, properties assessment, statistical methods, participants, main results, and additional analysis, summary of evidence, limitations, clinical attentions, and conclusions, item pools or final form, and funding. The PRIPROID contains many elements of the PRO research, and this assists researchers to report their results more accurately and to a certain degree use this instrument to evaluate the quality of the research methods.  
        Keywords：Patient Reported Outcome;quality of life;measurement;questionnaire;instrument development   
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      • Shi-lei Ma,Qiao-ling Tang,Hong-wei Liu,Juan He,Si-hua Gao
        2013, 19(3): 182-186. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1239-z
        Abstract：To explore the impact of meteorological factors on the outbreak of bacillary dysentery, so as to provide suggestions for disease prevention. Based on the Chinese medicine theory of Yunqi, the descriptive statistics, single-factor correlation analysis and back-propagation artificial neural net-work were conducted using data on five basic meteorological factors and data on incidence of bacillary dysentery in Beijing, China, for the period 1970–2004. The incidence of bacillary dysentery showed significant positive correlation relationship with the precipitation, relative humidity, vapor pressure, and temperature, respectively. The incidence of bacillary dysentery showed a negatively correlated relationship with the wind speed and the change trend of average wind speed. The results of medical-meteorological forecast model showed a relatively high accuracy rate. There is a close relationship between the meteorological factors and the incidence of bacillary dysentery, but the contributions of which to the onset of bacillary dysentery are different to each other.  
        Keywords：bacillary dysentery;meteorological factors;Chinese Medicine;the theory of Yunqi;back-propagation artificial neural net-work;medical-meteorological forecast model   
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        Published：2021-08-27
      • Ze-jun Huo,Jia Guo,Dong Li
        2013, 19(3): 187-191. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1240-6
        Abstract：To assess the clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture with meridian acupoints combined with three Anmian acupoints. Sixty subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the acupuncture with meridian acupoints group (Group A), and the acupuncture with meridian acupoints and three Anmian acupoints group (Group B) with 30 cases in each group. After 4-week treatment, the clinical therapeutic effects and scores for the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), depression index and anxiety index were assessed in the two groups before and after treatment. The total effective rate of therapy was higher in Group B (93.3%) compared with that in the Group A (66.7%, P<0.05). When comparing after treatment with before treatment, there were significant differences in the PSQI score of sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep time, sleep disorders in Group A (P <0.05) and significant differences in the PSQI score of sleep quality, time to sleep, sleep time, sleep disorders and daytime disorders in Group B (P <0.01 or P<0.05). There were significant differences in total PSQI score between Group A and Group B (P<0.05). Both groups improved the depression and anxiety state of the patients, but acupuncture with meridian acupoints combined with three Anmian acupoints was more effective than meridian acupoints alone (P<0.05). Acupuncture with meridian acupoints combined with three Anmian acupoints can improve the sleeping quality of patients with insomnia.  
        Keywords：insomnia;acupuncture;meridian acupoints;three Anmian acupoints   
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      • Hui Zhao,Shao-xian Wang,Xiao-hong Li,Jia-xu Chen
        2013, 19(3): 192-199. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1244-2
        Abstract：To formulate the standard measuring tool for the evaluations on fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity by means of Chinese medicine (CM). The measuring scale for fire-heat syndrome in the oral cavity by means of CM was investigated by symptom collection, item pool formulation, item selection, pre-investigation, evaluations on the reliability, validity and reactivity of the measuring scale, according to the principles for measuring scale design and under the guidance of CM theories. The measuring scale was composed of two integrative parts: the self-filling section and the interview section. As far as the reliability was concerned, the total Cronbach α coefficient of the measuring scale was 0.866, the total test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.726 and the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.851. As far as the validity was concerned, the scores for the subjects of fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity and healthy people in their oral cavity in the items of symptoms were statistically different (P<0.01); three common divisors were extracted according to the theoretical dimensions, the accumulated contribution rate was 63.468%. As far as the reactivity was concerned, the difference between the symptom scores before and after the test in which 31 subjects used the Chinese herb toothpaste was statistically significant (P<0.01). This measuring scale has relatively good reliability, validity and reactivity, and it can be used in an objective quantitative evaluation on patients suffering from fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity, and thus lay the foundations for the evaluations on the therapeutic effects of Chinese herb toothpaste on fire-heat syndrome in oral cavity.  
        Keywords：fire-heat syndrome;measuring scale;reliability;validity;reactivity;Chinese herb toothpaste   
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      • Hai-hong Zhou,Shao-dong Chen,Yin Xu,Yong-zhu Han,Ji-yuan Hu
        2013, 19(3): 200-205. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1024-z
        Abstract：To investigate the influence of Yiqi Huatan Decoction (益气化痰方, YHD) on a model of depression in rats under different pathological conditions. Thirty-two male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 8: normal, model, YHD, and maprotiline. The model group, YHD group and maprotiline group used separate feeding and rats were exposed to chronic and unpredictable stress to build the depression model. From day 2, the YHD group and maprotiline group were respectively given YHD (7 g/kg) and maprotiline (10 mg/kg) by gastrogavage once daily. The normal and model groups were given the same volume of drinking water. The medication duration were 21 days. At the end of the experiment, the serum levels of copper and zinc were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol (COR) were detected by radioimmunoassay, and levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the hypothalamus were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography-eletricochemistry. Compared with the content of copper and zinc in the serum of rats in the normal group, serum copper levels in model rats were significantly increased and zinc content was significantly reduced (both P<0.05). Plasma concentrations of ACTH and COR in the model group were significantly increased compared with those in the normal group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The contents of NE, DA, and 5-HT in the hypothalamus of rats in the model group were significantly reduced compared with those of the normal group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with those in the model group, the serum copper content and plasma concentrations of ACTH and COR were significantly decreased (all P<0.05); meanwhile, serum zinc content and hypothalamic contents of NE, DA, and 5-HT were significantly increased in rats of the YHD group (all P<0.05). The same effects were also shown in the maprotiline group except for 5-HT (all P<0.05) The pharmacological actions of YHD for depression might be related to improving trace-element anomalies, reversing endocrine dysfunction, and modulating the disorders of monoaminergic neurotransmitters.  
        Keywords：Yiqi Huatan Decoction;depression;endocrine dysfunction;trace-element anomalies;disorders of monoamine neurotransmitters   
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      • An-guo Wu,Bao Zeng,Meng-qiu Huang,Sheng-mei Li,Jian-nan Chen,Xiao-ping Lai
        2013, 19(3): 206-211. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1098-7
        Abstract：To investigate the absorption and transport mechanism of magnolol in Caco-2 cell model. A human intestinal epithelial cell model Caco-2 cell in vitro cultured was applied to study the absorption and transport of magnolol, the effects of time, donor concentration, P-gp inhibitor verapamil, pH and temperature on the absorption and transport of magnolol were investigated. The determination of magnolol was performed by high performance liquid chromatography, then the values of apparent permeability coefficient (P app ) and P ratio Basolateral-to-Apical (BL-to-AP)/Apical-to-Basolateral (AP-to-BL) were calculated. In Caco-2 cell model, comparing the amounts of transport of AP-to-BL and BL-to-AP, the latter was larger. At the same donor concentration, either the amounts of transport of AP-to-BL or BL-to-AP increased with increase in donor concentration and incubation time. Verapamil could significantly improve the amounts of transport of AP-to-BL. The transport of AP-to-BL and BL-to-AP depended on temperature, and there was no significant effect of pH on the transport of AP-to-BL. Magnolol could be transported through the intestinal mucosa via a passive diffusion mechanism primarily, coexisting with a carrier-mediated transport, at the same time, the efflux mechanism could be involved.  
        Keywords：Magnolol;Caco-2;inhibitor;the apparent permeability coefficient;P-gp;passive transport   
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      • Shu-yu Zhang,Gui-ying Peng,Li-gang Gu,Zi-mu Li,Sheng-jun Yin
        2013, 19(3): 212-216. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0946-1
        Abstract：To investigate the effects and mechanisms of Gong-tone music on the immunological function in rats with the Chinese medicine syndrome of Liver (Gan)-qi stagnation and Spleen (Pi)-qi deficiency (LSSD). Twenty five male Wistar rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, Xiaoyao Powder (逍遥散) group, Gong-tone group and combined group (the combination of Gong-tone and Xiaoyao Powder), with 5 rats in each group. The rat model for the Chinese medicine syndrome of LSSD was induced by chronic bandage and irregular diet. The course of treatment was 21 days. After the treatment, the levels of serum gastrin and IgG were detected by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Phagocytosis of macrophages was detected by the neutral red uptake assay and T cell proliferation was investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The serum gastrin, macrophage phagocytosis, IgG level and proliferation ability of T cells in the model group were significantly decreased compared with those in the normal group (P <0.05). Compared with those in the model group, the serum levels of gastrin, macrophage phagocytosis, IgG level and proliferation ability of T cells in Gong-tone, Xiaoyao Powder, and combined groups were significantly increased (P <0.05). The combined group was superior to either Gong-tone group or Xiaoyao Powder group. Gong-tone music may upregulate the immunological function and play a role in adjuvant therapy in the Chinese syndrome of LSSD.  
        Keywords：Gong-tone music;stagnation of liver-qi and deficiency of spleen-qi;Immunological Function;Chinese Medicine;five-element music therapy   
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      • Jing-shang Wang,Hui-jun Yin,Chun-Yu Guo,Ye Huang,Cheng-dong Xia,Qian Liu
        2013, 19(3): 217-222. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1093-z
        Abstract：To observe the influence of high blood glucose fluctuation on the endothelial function of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats and the effects of Panax Quinquefolius Saponin (PQS) of stem and leaf. The T2DM model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a small dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg) plus high fat and high caloric laboratory chow. Then, diabetic rats were divided into steady high blood glucose (SHG) group and fluctuant high blood glucose (FHG) group according to fasting blood glucose coefficient of variation (FBG-CV), and then, the FHG group rats were divided into 4 groups according to the level of FBG-CV and fasting blood glucose: PQS 30 mg/(kg·d) group, PQS 60 mg/(kg·d) group, metformin hydrochloride control (MHC) group, and FHG control group, 10 in each group. Meanwhile, 10 rats without any treatment were used as normal control (NOR) group. Eight weeks later, the aortic arteries histology, plasma hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1) were measured. In comparison with the NOR group, the level of plasma HGF and serum NO, ET-1 and TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in SHG and FHG control groups were all significantly increased (P<0.01); in comparison with the SHG group, plasma HGF and serum NO, ET-1, TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in FHG group were all significantly increased further (P<0.01 or P<0.05); meanwhile, in comparison with the FHG control group, the level of plasma HGF and serum NO, ET-1, TNF-α, and sICAM-1 in PQS and MHC groups were all decreased significantly (P<0.01). However, comparison of the aortic arteries histology among groups showed no significant differences either before or after treatment. Blood glucose fluctuation could facilitate the development of vascular endothelial dysfunction in T2DM rats, while PQS could improve the endothelial function of T2DM rats with high blood glucose fluctuation, which may be related to its effects of relieving vessel stress, decreasing vasoconstrictor ET-1 production, preventing compensated increase of NO, and reducing inflammatory reaction.  
        Keywords：high blood glucose fluctuation;endothelial function;type 2 diabetes mellitus;American Ginseng   
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      • Hui Li,Zhen-yu Yang,Yan Li
        2013, 19(3): 223-227. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0951-4
        Abstract：To observe the therapeutic efficacy of Xiaopi-I(消痞I号) on functional dyspepsia and its effects on gastric emptying. A total of 134 patients with functional dyspepsia were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The patients in the Xiaopi-I group (66 cases) and the Domperidone group (68 cases) were given Xiaopi-I granules and Domperidone 10 mg, 3 times a day, respectively. Another 20 healthy volunteers were chosen as the negative control group. The severity scores of the symptoms, as well as the gastric emptying, were detected before and after 4-week treatment by barium strip-trial meal. During therapy, 6 cases from the Xiaopi-I group and 8 cases from the Domperidone group were lost to follow, and 120 cases finally finished the study. Statistical differences were observed from both groups in terms of the symptoms of postprandial fullness early satiety, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning after 4-week treatment (P<0.01). The symptomatic severity scores of the Xiaopi-I group before and after the treatment were 7.48±1.64 and 2.16±1.26, respectively (P<0.01). Gastric emptying rates were also improved in the patients with delayed gastric emptying, and the effective rates were 91.3% and 75.8% in the Xiaopi-I and Domperidone groups, respectively. No obvious adverse effects were found from both groups. Xiaopi-I was an effective and safe agent in the treatment of functional dyspepsia and was worth of further development in clinical.  
        Keywords：functional dyspepsia;Xiaopi-I;barium strip-trial meal;Chinese Medicine   
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      • Tae-Woong Moon,Tae-Young Choi,Tae-Yong Park,Myeong Soo Lee
        2013, 19(3): 228-232. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1238-0
        Abstract：To evaluate the effectiveness of Chuna for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain as reported in Korean literature. We conducted an electronic literature search using seven Korean databases and manually searched six traditional Korean medicine journals. Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane criteria. Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the study. Compared with standard care, three RCTs suggested favorable effects of Chuna on neck pain due to a hypolordotic cervical spine, low back pain caused by traffic accidents, and low back pain. In contrast, compared with standard care, three RCTs failed to show positive effects on temporomandibular joint disorder, mandibular movement, and neck pain caused by traffic accidents. Currently, the evidence of the effectiveness of Chuna for the treatment of musculoskeletal pain is not convincing. Further rigorously designed trials are warranted to determine its effectiveness.  
        Keywords：Chuna;musculoskeletal pain;systematic review;Korean literature   
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        ReviewPaper

      • Wen-jie Li,Jun-feng Wang,Xiao-ping Wang
        2013, 19(3): 233-240. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1089-8
        Abstract：Wilson’s disease (WD), or hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive inheritance disorder of copper metabolism caused by ATP7B gene mutation. As WD is an inherited disease of the nervous system that is not curable; early diagnosis with early and life-long treatment leads to better prognoses. Currently, the recommended treatment for WD is integrated Chinese and Western medicine. A number of studies indicate that treatment of integrative medicine can not only enforce the de-copper effect but also improve liver function, intelligence, and other factors. This article reviewed in detail the advantages of WD treated with Chinese and Western medicine together.  
        Keywords：Wilson’s disease;Integrated Medicine;Chinese Medicine;Gandou Decoction   
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