FOLLOWUS
1.Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing (100015), China
2.Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing (100007), China
Prof. WANG Xian-bo, E-mail: wangxb@ccmu.edu.cn
纸质出版日期:2022-01-01,
录用日期:2021-04-16
Scan for full text
Ke SHI, Yao LIU, Qun ZHANG, 等. 重症类型的新型冠状病毒肺炎:发病机制、预警指标和治疗[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022,28(1):3-11.
Ke SHI, Yao LIU, Qun ZHANG, et al. Severe Type of COVID-19: Pathogenesis,Warning Indicators and Treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022,28(1):3-11.
Ke SHI, Yao LIU, Qun ZHANG, 等. 重症类型的新型冠状病毒肺炎:发病机制、预警指标和治疗[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022,28(1):3-11. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3313-x.
Ke SHI, Yao LIU, Qun ZHANG, et al. Severe Type of COVID-19: Pathogenesis,Warning Indicators and Treatment[J]. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 2022,28(1):3-11. DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-3313-x.
新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2引起的重大公共卫生问题. 在全球推出能够预防严重疾病、提供群体免疫的安全有效疫苗之前
这种流行病不太可能得到控制. 虽然大多数患者有轻微的流感样症状
但有的患者会发展为重症并伴有多器官功能障碍. 识别重症类型的COVID-19的病理生理和预警生物标志物有助于治疗和预防严重并发症. 本文就重症类型的COVID-19患者的病理生理、预警指标、中西医结合有效治疗等方面进行综述.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
is a major public health issue. The epidemic is unlikely to be contained until the global launch of safe and effective vaccines that could prevent serious illnesses and provide herd immunity. Although most patients have mild flu-like symptoms
some develop severe illnesses accompanied by multiple organ dysfunction. The identification of pathophysiology and early warning biomarkers of a severe type of COVID-19 contribute to the treatment and prevention of serious complications. Here
we review the pathophysiology
early warning indicators
and effective treatment of Chinese and Western Medicine for patients with a severe type of COVID-19.
coronavirus disease 2019pathogenesisindicatorstreatmentChinese medicine
Xiong X, Wang P, Su K, et al. Chinese herbal medicine for coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Pharmacol Res 2020;160:105056.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506.
Marian AJ. Current state of vaccine development and targeted therapies for COVID-19: impact of basic science discoveries.Cardiovasc Pathol 2021;50:107278.
Wouters OJ, Shadlen KC, Salcher-Konrad M, et al. Challenges in ensuring global access to COVID-19 vaccines: production,affordability, allocation, and deployment. Lancet 2021;397:1023-1034.
Shin MD, Shukla S, Chung YH, et al. COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward. Nat Nanotechnol 2020;15:646-655.
Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020;26:1017-1032.
Joly BS, Siguret V, Veyradier A. Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intens Care Med 2020;46:1603-1606.
Zeng Y, Zhang B, Zhang X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 9 cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Chin Med 2020;15:47.
Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts critical illness patients with 2019 coronavirus disease in the early stage. J Transl Med 2020;18:206.
Phua J, Weng L, Ling L, et al. Intensive care management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): challenges and recommendations. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:506-517.
Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell 2020;181:271-280.
Bourgonje AR, Abdulle AE, Timens W, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), SARS-CoV-2 and the pathophysiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Pathol 2020;251:228-248.
Qi F, Qian S, Zhang S, et al. Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020;526:135-140.
Pan XW, Xu D, Zhang H, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intens Care Med 2020;46:1114-1116.
Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell 2020;181:1016-1035.
Leung JM, Yang CX, Tam A, et al. ACE-2 expression in the small airway epithelia of smokers and COPD patients: implications for COVID-19. Eur Respir J 2020;55:2000688.
Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020;581:465-469.
Teuwen LA, Geldhof V, Pasut A, et al. COVID-19: the vasculature unleashed. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:389-391.
Matacic C. Blood vessel injury may spur disease's fatal second phase. Science 2020;368:1039-1040.
Noris M, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. The case of complement activation in COVID-19 multiorgan impact. Kidney Int 2020;98:314-322.
McFadyen JD, Stevens H, Peter K. The emerging threat of (Micro)thrombosis in COVID-19 and its therapeutic implications. Circ Res 2020;127:571-587.
Moreno-Eutimio MA, López-Macías C, Pastelin-Palacios R.Bioinformatic analysis and identification of single-stranded RNA sequences recognized by TLR7/8 in the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV,and MERS-CoV genomes. Microbes Infect 2020;22:226-229.
Foley JH, Conway EM. Cross talk pathways between coagulation and inflammation. Circ Res 2016;118:1392-1408.
Magro C, Mulvey JJ, Berlin D, et al. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. Transl Res 2020;220:1-13.
Engelmann B, Massberg S. Thrombosis as an intravascular effector of innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2013;13:34-45.
Koupenova M, Corkrey HA, Vitseva O, et al. The role of platelets in mediating a response to human influenza infection. Nat Commun 2019;10:1780.
Barnes BJ, Adrover JM, Baxter-Stoltzfus A, et al. Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med 2020;217:e20200652.
Jung CJ, Yeh CY, Hsu RB, et al. Endocarditis pathogen promotes vegetation formation by inducing intravascular neutrophil extracellular traps through activated platelets. Circulation 2015;131:571-581.
Hu B, Huang S, Yin L. The cytokine storm and COVID-19. J Med Virol 2021;93:250-256.
Koupenova M, Clancy L, Corkrey HA, et al. Circulating platelets as mediators of immunity, inflammation, and thrombosis. Circ Res 2018;122:337-351.
Assinger A. Platelets and infection–an emerging role of platelets in viral infection. Front Immunol 2014;5:649.
Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2020;395:1054-1062.
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:934-943.
Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan,China. Intens Care Med 2020;46:846-848.
Kayal S, Jaïs JP, Aguini N, et al. Elevated circulating E-selectin,intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and von Willebrand factor in patients with severe infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:776-784.
Zhang W, Zhao Y, Zhang F, et al. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of people with severe coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19): the perspectives of clinical immunologists from China. Clin Immunol 2020;214:108393.
Arachchillage DRJ, Laffan M. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1233-1234.
Klok FA, Kruip M, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res 2020;191:145-147.
Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 2020;141:1648-1655.
Huertas A, Montani D, Savale L, et al. Endothelial cell dysfunction:a major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? Eur Respir J 2020;56:2001634.
Pober JS, Sessa WC. Evolving functions of endothelial cells in inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7:803-815.
Jose RJ, Manuel A. COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:e46-e47.
Gupta N, Zhao YY, Evans CE. The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia. Thromb Res 2019;181:77-83.
Grimmer B, Kuebler WM. The endothelium in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol 2017;123:1635-1646.
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, et al. COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 2020;395:1033-1034.
Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 2020;20:355-362.
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 2020;323:1061-1069.
Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2020;369:m1966.
Kim KD, Zhao J, Auh S, et al. Adaptive immune cells temper initial innate responses. Nat Med 2007;13:1248-1252.
Lin L, Lu L, Cao W, et al. Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:727-732.
Kaplanski G, Marin V, Fabrigoule M, et al. Thrombin-activated human endothelial cells support monocyte adhesion in vitro following expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1; CD106). Blood 1998;92:1259-1267.
Chen D, Carpenter A, Abrahams J, et al. Protease-activated receptor 1 activation is necessary for monocyte chemoattractant protein 1-dependent leukocyte recruitment in vivo. J Exp Med 2008;205:1739-1746.
Hanff TC, Harhay MO, Brown TS, et al. Is there an association between COVID-19 mortality and the renin-angiotensin system? a call for epidemiologic investigations. Clin Infect Dis 2020;71:870-874.
Ingraham NE, Barakat AG, Reilkoff R, et al. Understanding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-SARS-CoV axis: a comprehensive review. Eur Respir J 2020;56:2000912.
Ghazi L, Drawz P. Advances in understanding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in blood pressure control and recent pivotal trials of RAAS blockade in heart failure and diabetic nephropathy. F1000Res 2017;6:F1000 Faculty Rev-297.
Voors AA, Pinto YM, Buikema H, et al. Dual pathway for angiotensin Ⅱformation in human internal mammary arteries. Br J Pharmacol 1998;125:1028-1032.
Zhang H, Penninger JM, Li Y, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2(ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target. Intens Care Med 2020;46:586-590.
Verdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A, et al. The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Intern Med 2020;76:14-20.
Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2:SARS-CoV-2 receptor and regulator of the renin-angiotensin system:celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the discovery of ACE2. Circ Res 2020;126:1456-1474.
Patel VB, Clarke N, Wang Z, et al. Angiotensin Ⅱ induced proteolytic cleavage of myocardial ACE2 is mediated by TACE/ADAM-17: a positive feedback mechanism in the RAS. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014;66:167-176.
Miao CX, Wang B, Wang Y, et al. Understanding and thinking of novel coronavirus pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Chin Med 2020;61:286-288.
Tong LX, Zhao L, Li Q, et al. Discussion on traditional Chinese medicine prevention and treatment strategies of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from the perspective of "cold-dampness pestilence". J Tradit Chin Med 2020;61:465-470.
Wang QW, Ma J, Ruan L, et al. Clinical features, and syndrome differentiation of novel coronavirus pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Chin Med 2020;61:281-285.
Yang LD, Chao E, Zhang H. Thinking on etiology and pathogenesis of novel coronavirus pneumonia in traditional Chinese medicine. J Tradit Chin Med 2020;61:557-560.
Feng Y, Ling Y, Bai T, et al. COVID-19 with different severities: a multicenter study of clinical features. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201:1380-1388.
Li X, Xu S, Yu M, et al. Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:110-118.
Louapre C, Collongues N, Stankoff B, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 and multiple sclerosis. JAMA Neurol 2020;77:1079-1088.
Robilotti EV, Babady NE, Mead PA, et al. Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer. Nat Med 2020;26:1218-1223.
Yang K, Sheng Y, Huang C, et al. Clinical characteristics, outcomes,and risk factors for mortality in patients with cancer and COVID-19 in Hubei, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:904-913.
Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, et al. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in intensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:1345-1355.
Banerjee A, Pasea L, Harris S, et al. Estimating excess 1-year mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic according to underlying conditions and age: a population-based cohort study.Lancet 2020;395:1715-1725.
Gupta S, Hayek SS, Wang W, et al. Factors associated with death in critically ill patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the US.JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:1-12.
Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Chi H, et al. The hemocyte counts as a potential biomarker for predicting disease progression in COVID-19: a retrospective study. Clin Chem Lab Med 2020;58:1106-1115.
Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest 2020;130:2620-2629.
Liang W, Yao J, Chen A, et al. Early triage of critically ill COVID-19 patients using deep learning. Nat Commun 2020;11:3543.
Wu G, Yang P, Xie Y, et al. Development of a clinical decision support system for severity risk prediction and triage of COVID-19 patients at hospital admission: an international multicentre study.Eur Respir J 2020;56:2001104.
Liang W, Liang H, Ou L, et al. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 2020;180:1081-1089.
Al-Samkari H, Karp Leaf RS, Dzik WH, et al. COVID-19 and coagulation: bleeding and thrombotic manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Blood 2020;136:489-500.
Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, et al. Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent. J Clin Invest 2020;130:4694-4703.
Herold T, Jurinovic V, Arnreich C, et al. Elevated levels of IL-6 and CRP predict the need for mechanical ventilation in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:128-136.
Tian J, Yuan X, Xiao J, et al. Clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer in Wuhan, China: a multicentre, retrospective, cohort study. Lancet Oncol 2020;21:893-903.
McElvaney OJ, McEvoy NL, McElvaney OF, et al. Characterization of the inflammatory response to severe COVID-19 illness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;202:812-821.
Zhang X, Tan Y, Ling Y, et al. Viral and host factors related to the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Nature 2020;583:437-440.
Yang Y, Shen C, Li J, et al. Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020;146:119-127.
Shen B, Yi X, Sun Y, et al. Proteomic and metabolomic characterization of COVID-19 patient sera. Cell 2020;182:59-72.
Song JW, Zhang C, Fan X, et al. Immunological and inflammatory profiles in mild and severe cases of COVID-19. Nat Commun 2020;11:3410.
Hadjadj J, Yatim N, Barnabei L, et al. Impaired type Ⅰ interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients.Science 2020;369:718-724.
Kong Y, Han J, Wu X, et al. VEGF-D: a novel biomarker for detection of COVID-19 progression. Crit Care 2020;24:373.
Grein J, Ohmagari N, Shin D, et al. Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2327-2336.
Ko WC, Rolain JM, Lee NY, et al. Arguments in favour of remdesivir for treating SARS-CoV-2 infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105933.
Wang Y, Zhang D, Du G, et al. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled,multicentre trial. Lancet 2020;395:1569-1578.
Siemieniuk RA, Bartoszko JJ, Ge L, et al. Drug treatments for Covid-19: living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2020;370:m2980.
Drożdżal S, Rosik J, Lechowicz K, et al. FDA approved drugs with pharmacotherapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2020;53:100719.
Wise J. Covid-19: remdesivir is recommended for authorisation by European Medicines Agency. BMJ 2020;369:m2610.
Stauffer WM, Alpern JD, Walker PF. COVID-19 and dexamethasone:a potential strategy to avoid steroid-related strongyloides hyperinfection. JAMA 2020; 324:623-624.
Mahase E. Covid-19: low dose steroid cuts death in ventilated patients by one third, trial finds. BMJ 2020;369:m2422.
Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021;384:693-704.
Villar J, Ferrando C, Martínez D, et al. Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:267-276.
Voicu S, Bonnin P, Stépanian A, et al. High prevalence of deep vein thrombosis in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;76:480-482.
Shi W, Lv J, Lin L. Coagulopathy in COVID-19: focus on vascular thrombotic events. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020;146:32-40.
Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, et al. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Haematol 2020;7:e438-e440.
Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, et al. COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75:2950-2973.
Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, et al. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1094-1099.
Helms J, Tacquard C, Severac F, et al. High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2020;46:1089-1098.
Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24:44-46.
Hung IF, To KK, Lee CK, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A(H1N1) 2009 virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:447-456.
Ko JH, Seok H, Cho SY, et al. Challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in Middle East respiratory coronavirus infection: a single centre experience. Antivir Ther 2018;23:617-622.
Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, et al. Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. JAMA 2020;323:1582-1589.
Duan K, Liu B, Li C, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:9490-9496.
Tanne JH. Covid-19: FDA approves use of convalescent plasma to treat critically ill patients. BMJ 2020;368:m1256.
Luo H, Gao Y, Zou J, et al. Reflections on treatment of COVID-19 with traditional Chinese medicine. Chin Med 2020;15:94.
Zhang D, Zhang B, Lv JT, et al. The clinical benefits of Chinese patent medicines against COVID-19 based on current evidence.Pharmacol Res 2020;157:104882.
Li C, Wang L, Ren L. Antiviral mechanisms of candidate chemical medicines and traditional Chinese medicines for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Virus Res 2020;286:198073.
Wang JB, Wang ZX, Jing J, et al. Exploring an integrative therapy for treating COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. Chin J Integr Med 2020;26:648-655.
Chen G, Su W, Yang J, et al. Chinese herbal medicine reduces mortality in patients with severe and critical Coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study. Front Med 2020;14:752-759.
Wang Y, Liu Y, Lv Q, et al. Effect and safety of Chinese herbal medicine granules in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-center study with propensity score matching. Phytomedicine 2020;85:153404.
Yang R, Liu H, Bai C, et al. Chemical composition and pharmacological mechanism of Qingfei Paidu Decoction and Ma Xing Shi Gan Decoction against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): in silico and experimental study. Pharmacol Res 2020;157:104820.
Lee DYW, Li QY, Liu J, et al. Traditional Chinese herbal medicine at the forefront battle against COVID-19: clinical experience and scientific basis. Phytomedicine 2021;80:153337.
Shi N, Liu B, Liang N, et al. Association between early treatment with Qingfei Paidu Decoction and favorable clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective multicenter cohort study.Pharmacol Res 2020;161:105290.
Huang L. Efficacy and safety assessment of severe COVID-19 patients with Chinese medicine: a retrospective case series study at early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;277:113888.
Liu J, Jiang Y, Liu Y, et al. Yindan Jiedu Granules, a traditional Chinese medicinal formulation, as a potential treatment for coronavirus disease 2019. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:634266.
Guo H, Zheng J, Huang G, et al. Xuebijing Injection in the treatment of COVID-19: a retrospective case-control study. Ann Palliat Med 2020;9:3235-3248.
Li RF, Hou YL, Huang JC, et al. Lianhuaqingwen exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activity against novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2).Pharmacol Res 2020;156:104761.
Ren X, Shao XX, Li XX, et al. Identifying potential treatments of COVID-19 from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by using a data-driven approach. J Ethnopharmacol 2020;258:112932.
Jia S, Luo H, Liu X, et al. Dissecting the novel mechanism of reduning injection in treating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on network pharmacology and experimental ver ifi cation. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;273:113871.
Chen S, Dai G, Hu J, et al. Discovery of Xuebijing Injection exhibiting protective efficacy on sepsis by inhibiting the expression of HMGB1 in septic rat model designed by cecal ligation and puncture. Am J Ther 2016;23:e1819-e1825.
Flordal PA, Svensson J. Hemostatic effects of ephedrine. Thromb Res 1992;68:295-302.
Li X, Sun R, Liu R. Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: progress and future opportunities. Pharmacol Res 2019;144:210-226.
0
浏览量
0
Downloads
0
CSCD
关联资源
相关文章
相关作者
相关机构